history of tunisia

It was a â¦ One name looms above all in Tunisia's history: Carthage. The temperatures are mild along the coast. This is a whole app is very easy to use. Saved by Emperor Reynard IV. For a more detailed treatment of earlier periods and of the country in its regional context, see North Africa. Amounts are also highly irregular from one year to another, and irregularity increases southward toward the desert. Friday, January 14, 2011, became a new date and a specialchapter in the periodization of the history of Tunisia since independence,just like March 20, 1956 (Independence Day), or April 9, 1938.¹ This key1. Ancient Origins articles related to Tunisia in the sections of history, archaeology, human origins, unexplained, artifacts, ancient places and myths and legends. History Tunisia was settled by the Phoenicians in the 12th century B.C. Tunisia is briefly taken in 1534 by the most famous corsair of them all, Khair ed-Din (known to the Europeans as Barbarossa). Tunisia is the smallest of the Maghrib states and consequently the most cohesive. The area was ruled by a succession of Islamic dynasties and empires until coming under French colonial rule in the late 19th century. Independence for Tunisia. After the death of Muḥammad al-Ṣādiq, his successor, ʿAlī, was forced to introduce administrative, judicial, and financial reforms that the French government considered useful. The first Punic War between Carthage anâ¦ Berber, the earlier language of the Maghrib, survived in Tunisia in only a few pockets, mainly in the extreme south. Muslim Andalusians migrated to the area after having been forced out of Spain during the Reconquista, particularly following the defeat of the Muslim kingdom of Granada in 1492. Ruins of the ancient baths at Carthage, Tunisia. Add to Wishlist. Book Description. Tunisia became a French protectorate in 1881 and remained under French rule until March 1956 when it gained independence, followed by the promulgation of a new constitution on 1 June 1959. Its coastline on the Mediterranean Sea made it the subject of many empires throughout history. After achieving independence in 1956, Tunisia pursued a progressive social agenda and sought to modernize its economy under two long-serving presidents, Habib Bourguiba and Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali. After initially examining the years of French colonial rule from 1881 to 1956, when the Tunisians achieved independence, he describes the subsequent process of state-building, including the design of political and economic structures and the promotion of a social and cultural agenda. 1 - 20 of 46 results. Continued civil disturbances and corruption prompted the British and French to force the bey to issue the Fundamental Pact (ʿAhd al-Amān; September 1857), a civil rights charter modeled on the Ottoman rescript of 1839. Saved from en.wikipedia.org. Generally, from mid-autumn to mid-spring, when three-fourths of the annual total occurs, northern Tunisia receives more than 16 inches of rainfall, and the steppe region receives from 4 to 16 inches (100 to 400 mm). We'll give it a try. The following discussion offers a brief summary of Tunisiaâs early history but mainly focuses on Tunisia since about 1800. Roman Africa, for example, was the most intensively Christianized portion of North Africa, and Ifrīqiyyah was later more quickly and more thoroughly Islamicized. The vegetation and animal life of the country are affected by these erratic climatic conditions. Updates? Saharan influences give rise to the sirocco, a seasonal hot, blasting wind from the south that can have a serious drying effect on vegetation. Search This wiki This wiki All wikis | Sign In Don't have an account? More easily controlled from within than any other Maghrib country, Tunisia was also more open to the influence of people and ideas from abroad. Similarly, the capital, Tunis, blends ancient Arab souks and mosques and modern-style office buildings into one of the most handsome and lively cities in the region. (Page of tag Tunisia) Culture of Tunisia - Wikipedia In 1956, â¦ Tunisia’s geographic and historical legacy helped prepare it for the shocks it received in the 19th century as a land caught between an expanding Europe and a declining Ottoman Empire. Ichkeul National Park, in the northernmost part of the country, was named a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980. Add new page. By 1574, Tunisia was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire, whose control of the region, always tenuous, had all but dissolved by the 19th century. Large plains border the eastern coasts; south of Sousse lies Al-Sāḥil (Sahel) and south of Gabès is Al-Jifārah (Gefara) Plain. The precipitation also greatly varies, as the north receives significantly more rainfall than the south. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). A small state with limited resources, Tunisia nonetheless managed to retain considerable autonomy within the framework of the larger empires that frequently ruled it from afar. Carthage was a Phoenician city-state on the coast of North Africa (the site of modern-day Tunis) which, prior the conflict with Rome known as the Punic Wars (264-146 BCE), was the largest, most affluent, and powerful political entity in the Mediterranean.The city was originally known as Kart-hadasht (new city) to distinguish it from the older Phoenician city of Utica nearby. A single major city, Tunis, dominated the countryside both politically and culturally. The Phoenicians' expanding regional power brought them to the attention of the Ancient Greeks, and lateâ¦ Tunisia - History 3; Refine by. Relief. The most famous people of the ancient world to mark the area of modern-day Tunisia were the Phoenicians, who settled here in the 1st millennium BCE and went on to found their legendary capital of Carthage. Thereafter, the vulnerable beylik of Tunis found itself surrounded by two larger powers—France and the Ottoman Empire—both of which had designs on Tunisia. The summer is hot and dry in the north, and the winter is mild and consists of frequent rains. Founded by the Arabs in the year 670, Kairouan in Arabic means âmilitary campâ. Travel. Tunisia. Temperatures at Sousse average 44 °F (7 °C) in January and 89 °F (32 °C) in August. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. With the help of Western advisers (mainly French), he created a modern army and navy and related industries. Africa’s highest temperature, about 131 °F (55 °C), was recorded in Kebili, a town in central Tunisia. The emerging Roman Empire was not happy with these events, and 128 years of Punic Wars ensued. The vast majority of the population was Muslim, with a small Jewish minority. Carthage fought a series of wars with its rival, Rome. The fighting in Tunisia underlined both the strengths and weaknesses of the Western Alliance and the United States Army. The humid coastal plain in the east, running between the Gulf of Hammamet and the Gulf of Gabes, where Tunisia’s thriving olive plantations are found, is the most agriculturally productive of these coarse-textured soil areas. This provoked an uprising in southern Tunisia during which France attacked and captured Sousse in July 1881, took Kairouan in October, and seized Gafsa and Gabès in November. Land. Popular pages. The climate of the country, similar to the topography, is greatly varied. The Glory Days of Carthage. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The most notable immigration was that of the Spanish Moors (Muslims), which began after the fall of Sevilla (Seville), Spain, as a result of the Reconquista in 1248 and which turned into a veritable exodus in the early 17th century. Ḥusayn Bey even accepted the idea that Tunisian princes would rule the cities of Constantine and Oran. By the sixth and fifth centuries B.C., the great city-state of Carthage (derived from the Phoenician name for ânew cityâ) dominated much of the western Mediterranean. Tunisia has a very unique location. Tunisia was called IfrÄ«qiyyah in the early centuries of the Islamic period. The amount of precipitation, all falling as rain, varies considerably from north to south. During the 1990s the government sponsored the construction of a number of dams to control flooding, preserve runoff, and recharge the water table. The Romans ruled and settled in North Africa until the 5th century, when the Roman Empire fell and... From Arab Center to French Protectorate. Tunis itself was located near the site of the ancient city-state of Carthage. The history of Tunisia reveals this rich past where different successive Mediterranean cultures had a strong presence. Like much of North Africa, Tunisia's history is one littered with conquests that completely changed the country's path. The extreme south is largely sandy desert, much of it part of the Great Eastern Erg of the Sahara. Tunisia’s most fertile soils are found in the well-watered intermontane valleys in the north, where rich sandy clay soils formed from alluvium or soils high in lime content cover the valley bottoms and plains. By about 8,000 BC human beings lived in what is now Tunisia by hunting and gathering. The kitchen, half of it roofed over and the rest an open courtyard, was a long vertical passage toward the light. Farther south, streams are intermittent and largely localized in the form of wadis, which are subject to seasonal flooding and terminate inland in chotts. In 1830, at the time of the French invasion of Algiers, Tunisia was officially a province of the Ottoman Empire but in reality was an autonomous state. Africa Destinations. Tunisia is bounded by Algeria to the west and southwest, by Libya to the southeast, and by the Mediterranean Sea to the east and north. From that time until the establishment of the French protectorate in 1881, Tunisian rulers had to placate the larger powers while working to strengthen the state from within. Agricultural communities in the humid coastal plains of central Tunisia then were ancestors of today's Berber tribes. Eugene Roe; Project maintenance. Grid View Grid. The highest mountain, Mount Chambi (Al-Shaʿnabī), located near the centre of the Algerian border, rises to 5,066 feet (1,544 metres), while Mount Zaghwān (Zaghouan), about 30 miles (50 km) southwest of Tunis, reaches 4,249 feet (1,295 metres). This uprising almost overthrew the regime, but the government ultimately suppressed it through a combination of guile and brutality. Desert locusts sometimes damage crops in the southern part of the country. See if your geographic knowledge points north or south in this journey through Africa. However, Tunisia remained an authoritarian state with an all-powerful ruling party and no significant institutions of representative government. The next bey, Muḥammad (1855–59), tried to ignore Europe, but this was no longer possible. Carthage Must Be Destroyed:â¦ by Richard Miles. The Phoenicians founded Carthage in Tunisia in the 8th century BC. It was the Phoenicians that first founded Tunisiaâs most famous city of Carthage, which would eventually rival Rome as the most dominant city on the Mediterranean Sea. In the 7th century Arab conquerors converted the native Berber (Amazigh) population of North Africa to Islam. Register Military. Stone-age to the modern age in two and a half minutes? Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.

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